Inkarnasi dalam Sejarah Pemikiran Teologi
Telaah Epistemologis dan Historis terhadap Gagasan Allah Menjadi Manusia dalam Tradisi Gereja
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46495/sdjt.v14i2.322Keywords:
Inkarnasi, Epistimologi, Teologi, Gereja, KristologiAbstract
This research aims to examine epistemologically the concept of incarnation, especially
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji secara epistemologis konsep inkarnasi, khususnya keyakinan bahwa Allah menjadi manusia di dalam Yesus Kristus, sebagaimana tercermin dalam tradisi pemikiran teologis di dalam gereja sepanjang sejarah. Inkarnasi adalah fondasi utama dalam teologi Kristen yang membentuk doktrin Kristologi dan sangat mempengaruhi pemahaman gereja tentang keselamatan, wahyu, dan keberadaan manusia. Studi ini mengkaji bagaimana konsep inkarnasi terbentuk, dikembangkan, dan dipertahankan dalam wacana teologis dari gereja mula-mula hingga era modern, dengan fokus pada konstruksi epistemologis yang mendasari penerimaan doktrin. Pendekatan kualitatif-analitis digunakan untuk mengevaluasi pemikiran tokoh-tokoh penting seperti Irenaeus, Athanasius, Agustinus, Anselmus, Karl Barth, dan teolog kontemporer, untuk memahami kerangka pikiran mereka terhadap realitas inkarnasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji secara epistemologis gagasan tentang inkarnasi Allah menjadi manusia dalam tradisi gereja, dengan menelusuri sejarah pemikiran teologis yang membentuk dan mempengaruhi doktrin tersebut, serta mengevaluasi bagaimana konsep inkarnasi dipahami, dijelaskan, dan diwariskan dalam berbagai periode perkembangan teologi Kristen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemahaman tentang inkarnasi tidak statis, melainkan hasil dari konstruksi pengetahuan yang terus berkembang seiring dengan perubahan konteks historis, filosofis, dan eklesiologis. Epistemologi teologis inkarnasi dibentuk melalui dialog antara iman, akal, dan pengalaman gerejawi. Dengan demikian, inkarnasi bukan hanya peristiwa metafisik, tetapi juga representasi dari kebenaran iman yang memiliki implikasi epistemologis yang mendalam dalam membentuk cara orang Kristen memahami Tuhan dan dunia. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa memahami inkarnasi secara epistemologis memungkinkan gereja untuk merenungkan kembali fondasi imannya dalam konteks waktu yang selalu berubah.
the belief that God became human in Jesus Christ, as reflected in the tradition of theological thought in the church throughout history. The Incarnation is the primary foundation in Christian theology that forms the doctrine of Christology and profoundly influences the church's understanding of salvation, revelation, and human existence. This study examines how the concept of incarnation was formed, developed, and defended in theological discourse from the early church to the modern era, with a focus on the epistemological constructions underlying doctrinal acceptance. A qualitative-analytical approach is used to evaluate the thinking of important figures such as Irenaeus, Athanasius, Augustine, Anselm, Karl Barth, and contemporary theologians, in order to understand their frame of mind towards the reality of the incarnation. This research aims to examine epistemologically the idea of God's incarnation as human in the church tradition, by tracing the history of theological thought that shaped and influenced the doctrine, as well as evaluating how the concept of the incarnation was understood, explained, and inherited in different periods of Christian theology development. The results of the study show that the understanding of the incarnation is not static, but rather the result of a construction of knowledge that continues to evolve along with changing historical, philosophical, and ecclesiological contexts. The theological epistemology of the incarnation is formed through a dialogue between faith, reason, and ecclesiastical experience. Thus, the incarnation is not only a metaphysical event, but also a representation of the truth of faith that has profound epistemological implications in shaping the way Christians understand God and the world. The study concludes that understanding the incarnation epistemologically allows the church to rethink its faith foundations in the ever-changing context of time.
References
Aaron Riches. “‘Christology and Duplex Hominis Beatitudo: Re‐sketching the Supernatural Again.’” International Journal of Systematic Theology 14, no. 1 (2012): 44–69.
Alister E. McGrath. The Science of God: An Introduction to Scientific Theology. A&C Black, 2004.
Anselmus. Cur Deus Homo: Why God Became Man. John Henry and James Parker, 1985.
Anselmus, Saint. “Cur Deus Homo/Book First/Chapter 10 - Wikisource, the Free Online Library.” Accessed March 23, 2025. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cur_Deus_Homo/Book_First/Chapter_10.
Aquinas, Saint Thomas. “SUMMA THEOLOGIAE: The Fitness of the Incarnation (Tertia Pars, Q. 1. a.2).” Accessed March 23, 2025. https://www.newadvent.org/summa/4001.htm.
Saint Athanasius the Great. On the Incarnation: Saint Athanasius The Great of Alexandria (Popular Patrictics Series, 44b). Standard E. St Vladimirs Seminary Pr, 2012.
C. Stephen Evans And, Anna Marmodoro. A Kryptic Model of the Incarnation. London and New York: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
Christopher John Donato. “Die Hee Or Justice Must” Atonement And Christology In Milton’s De Doctrina Christiana." (2015). The Atonement: Classic Formulations and Contemporary Issues. Deerfield, Illinois, 2015.
Christopher T. Haun. “And the Word Was God: An Examination of Pantheistic, Panentheistic, and Theistic Interpretations of Logos and Theos in John’s Gospel,” 2023.
Cornelius Van Til. “‘Reformed Epistemology.’ (Thesis–Th. M.).” J: Princeton Theological Seminary, 1925.
Daley, Brian E. “‘Unpacking the Chalcedonian Formula: From Studied Ambiguity to Saving Mystery.’” The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review The Catholic University of America Press 80, no. 2 (2016): 165–189.
David H. Wenkel. Virgin Birth According to Temple Christology. Lexington Books/Fortress, 2024.
David Moser. "Jesus’ Preexistence and Incarnation" Accessed: 23 March 2025. Edited by Brendan N. Wolfe et Al. St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology, 2024. https://www.saet.ac.uk/Christianity/%0AJesusPreexistenceandIncarnation.
Donatus, Sermada Kelen. “Neo-Kantianisme Dan Implikasinya Untuk Penelitian Terhadap Agama.” Studia Philosophica et Theologica 21, no. 2 (2021): 133–154.
Dragos Andrei Giulea. “‘Origen’s Christology in Pre-Nicene Setting: The Logos as the Noetic Form of God.’” Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses 92, no. 3 (2016): 407–437.
Frank D. Macchia, , Andrew K. Gabriel, and Terry L. Cross. “Karl Barth and Pentecostal Theology: A Convergence of the Word and the Spirit.,” 2024.
Grillmeier, Aloys. Christ in Christian Tradition: Volume One: From the Apostolic Age to Chalcedon (451). Westminster John Knox Press, 1975.
Guna, Fransiskus. “‘SEJARAH SEBAGAI SABDA ALLAH:(Suatu Perspektif Lonerganian).’” Limen: Jurnal Agama dan Kebudayaan 7, no. 1 (2010): 22–45.
Hans Boersma. Nouvelle Théologie and Sacramental Ontology: A Return to Mystery. OUP Oxford, 2009.
Harefa, Febriaman Lalaziduhu. “Analisis Kritis Terhadap Hermeneutika Kaum Postmodernis.” SCRIPTA: Jurnal Teologi dan Pelayanan Kontekstual 1, no. 1 (2016): 11–24.
J. N. D. Kelly. Early Christian Doctrines: Revised Edition. HarperOne, 1978.
Jaroslav Pelikan. The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Vol. 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100-600) (Volume 1). University of Chicago Press, 1975.
John Calvin. Institutes of the Christian Religion, Book II, Chapter.12. Revised. Hendrickson Publishers, 2008.
John D. Caputo. The Weakness of God: A Theology of the Event (Indiana Series in the Philosophy of Religion). Indiana University Press, 2006.
John W. Creswell. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design : Choosing among Five Approaches. 3rd ed. London: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2013.
Justin Martyr. “‘The First Apology of Justin.’ The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus 1” (1885): 157-307.
Karl Barth. “Church Dogmatics, Vol. IV/1, The Doctrine of Reconciliation, Part 1.” Ed. GW Bromiley and TF Torrance. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1956.
Lashier, Jackson. “Irenaeus as Logos Theologian.” Vigiliae Christianae 66 (2012): 341–361.
Lori Pearson. “‘Schleiermacher and the Christologies behind Chalcedon.’” Harvard Theological Review 96, no. 3 (2003): 349–367.
Luther, Martin. The Freedom of a Christian. abigailadamsinstitute.org, 1961.
Matthew Barrett. The Reformation as Renewal: Retrieving the One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church. Zondervan Academic, 2023.
Naek Sijabat, and Janes Sinaga. “Inkarnasi Yesus Kristus Dalam Dialog Teologis-Filosofis : Dari Doktrinal Hingga Implikasi Transformatif.” Jurnal Media Sabda Biblika ( JMSB ) 1, no. 1 (2024): 44–56.
Peter Bellini. “Participation. An onto -Epistemology for a Theology of Mission for the 21st Century.” Asbury Theological Seminary, 2008.
Rahner, Karl. Foundations of Christian Faith: An Introduction to the Idea of Christianity. Edited by Trade Paper. The Crossroad Publishing Company, n.d.
Ramelli, Ilaria L E. “Philosophy and Early Christianity: Reflections on the Meaning of Patristic Philosophical Theology Filosofía y Orígenes Del Cristianismo: Reflexiones Sobre El Significado de La Teología Filosófica Patrística.” CUADERNOS ISIDORIANUM 14 (2023): 11–55. Accessed March 23, 2025.
Rebecca Lyman. “The Theology of the Council of Nicaea’’, St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology. Edited by Brendan N. Wolfe et Al. Https://Www.Saet.Ac.Uk/ Christianity/TheTheologyoftheCouncilofNicaea Accessed: 23 March 2025,” 2024.
Richard Pring. “Fides Quaerens Intellectum.” Leaders in Philosophy of Education. Brill, 2008.
Robert Sokolowski. The God of Faith and Reason: Foundations of Christian Theology. CUA Press, 1995.
Roy Kearsley. “Faith and Philosophy in the Early Church.” Themelios 15, no. 3 (1990): 81-86.
Steven B. Sherman. Revitalizing Theological Epistemology: Holistic Evangelical Approaches to the Knowledge of God (Princeton Theological Monograph Series Book 83). The Lutterworth Press, 2010.
St. Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologica, Volume 3 (Part II, Second Section). Vol. 3. Cosimo, Inc, 2013.
Yves Congar. The Meaning of Tradition. First. Ignatius Press, 2016.
“CHURCH FATHERS: On the Trinity, Book VII (St. Augustine).” Accessed March 23, 2025. https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/130107.htm.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2025 SANCTUM DOMINE: JURNAL TEOLOGI
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright:
SANCTUM DOMINE: Jurnal Teologi will validate, produce, disseminate, and act as steward in the long-term curation of every article published. In order to achieve this, the author typically requires a transfer or “assignment” of the copyright in the article. As is the case for open access publishing, the author (or copyright owner of the article, if different) signs an author publishing agreement. The agreement incorporates the necessary transfer of copyright.
After assigning copyright, the author will still retain the right to:
- Be credited as the author of the article.
- Own and exercise any trademark or patent rights held by author and addressed in the article.
- Make printed copies of the article to use for a lecture or class that the author leading on a non-commercial basis.
- Share the article with friends, colleagues and influential people the author would like to read the work.
- Present the article at a meeting or conference and distribute printed copies of the article on a non-commercial basis.
License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes .
- ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
8.png){kind=logo}
